近日，國務院辦公廳(ting)轉發了(le)(le)住(zhu)房和城鄉建(jian)(jian)設部《關于完(wan)(wan)善(shan)質量(liang)保(bao)障體系提(ti)升(sheng)建(jian)(jian)筑工程品質的(de)指導(dao)意(yi)見(jian)(jian)》（以下簡稱《意(yi)見(jian)(jian)》）。《意(yi)見(jian)(jian)》明確了(le)(le)進一步完(wan)(wan)善(shan)質量(liang)保(bao)障體系的(de)總體要求和重點任務，是當(dang)前(qian)和今后(hou)一個時期指導(dao)建(jian)(jian)筑工程質量(liang)管理，提(ti)升(sheng)建(jian)(jian)筑工程品質的(de)綱領性文(wen)件。住(zhu)房和城鄉建(jian)(jian)設部相關負責同(tong)志(zhi)對《意(yi)見(jian)(jian)》內容進行了(le)(le)解讀。
問：《意見》出臺的背景是什么？
答：建筑工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量事(shi)關人民(min)群眾生命財產(chan)安全，事(shi)關城(cheng)市未(wei)來和(he)傳(chuan)承(cheng)，事(shi)關新型城(cheng)鎮(zhen)化(hua)發展水(shui)平(ping)。黨中(zhong)(zhong)央、國(guo)務院高(gao)度(du)重視建筑工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量。2019年新年前(qian)夕，習近平(ping)總書記在新年賀詞中(zhong)(zhong)指出(chu)，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)制(zhi)造、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)創(chuang)造、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)建造共(gong)同(tong)發力(li)，繼續改變著(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的面貌(mao)。
改革(ge)開(kai)放以來，我國(guo)經(jing)歷了世界上(shang)規模最(zui)大(da)(da)、速度(du)最(zui)快的(de)(de)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)化進程(cheng)，常住人口城(cheng)鎮(zhen)化率由1978年的(de)(de)17.9%提高(gao)到(dao)2018年的(de)(de)59.58%，城(cheng)鎮(zhen)居民人均住房建(jian)筑面積從1978年的(de)(de)6.7平(ping)方米增加(jia)到(dao)2018年的(de)(de)39平(ping)方米。建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量(liang)管理體系不斷完(wan)善，確立了施工(gong)(gong)圖(tu)審查、質量(liang)監(jian)督、竣工(gong)(gong)驗收備案等(deng)20余項制度(du)。建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量(liang)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)不斷提升(sheng)(sheng)，以上(shang)海中心(xin)、北京大(da)(da)興國(guo)際機場等(deng)為代表的(de)(de)一大(da)(da)批重(zhong)點工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)高(gao)質量(liang)建(jian)成并(bing)投入使(shi)用(yong)，“高(gao)、深、大(da)(da)、難”工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量(liang)技(ji)術水(shui)(shui)平(ping)已(yi)位(wei)居世界前列，住宅功能不斷完(wan)善品質不斷提升(sheng)(sheng)，新建(jian)建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量(liang)事(shi)故基本杜絕，為國(guo)民經(jing)濟持續健(jian)康發(fa)展(zhan)、提升(sheng)(sheng)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)建(jian)設水(shui)(shui)平(ping)、人民安居樂業(ye)、社會和(he)諧穩定作出了重(zhong)要貢獻。
但(dan)是，應該清醒看(kan)到(dao)，我國(guo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)發展不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)衡不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)充分的(de)(de)(de)矛盾依然存在，滲漏、裂(lie)縫等住(zhu)宅質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)常見問(wen)題(ti)仍較(jiao)普遍，建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)品質(zhi)(zhi)整(zheng)體(ti)上還(huan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高(gao)，現(xian)有的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)保(bao)障(zhang)體(ti)系還(huan)存在一(yi)些亟待完善(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)，主(zhu)要(yao)表現(xian)在：一(yi)是質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)責(ze)任(ren)體(ti)系不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完善(shan)(shan)。以(yi)(yi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)單位為首的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)各方(fang)主(zhu)體(ti)責(ze)任(ren)落實(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)位。二是建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑市場體(ti)制(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)健全。招標(biao)(biao)投標(biao)(biao)制(zhi)度不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完善(shan)(shan)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)擔保(bao)和保(bao)險等市場機(ji)制(zhi)發揮作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)夠(gou)，尚未(wei)形成以(yi)(yi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)安全為核心的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)制(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)。三是工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)生產(chan)方(fang)式落后。建(jian)(jian)(jian)造方(fang)式粗放、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序環節多，建(jian)(jian)(jian)材質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)參(can)差不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)齊(qi)，科技研發投入不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足，機(ji)械化(hua)(hua)、標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)(hua)、精細化(hua)(hua)程(cheng)度不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高(gao)。四是建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)職業化(hua)(hua)、專(zhuan)業化(hua)(hua)、技能(neng)化(hua)(hua)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高(gao)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑業勞務(wu)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)度不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完善(shan)(shan)，缺乏(fa)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)技能(neng)培訓(xun)和鑒定，老(lao)齡化(hua)(hua)問(wen)題(ti)日(ri)益(yi)嚴重，職業能(neng)力得不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)保(bao)障(zhang)。五是監(jian)(jian)管機(ji)制(zhi)創新不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)體(ti)系不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完善(shan)(shan)，“雙隨機(ji)、一(yi)公開”檢查方(fang)式和“互聯(lian)網+監(jian)(jian)管”模式應用(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足，部分監(jian)(jian)督(du)機(ji)構經(jing)費(fei)和人(ren)員保(bao)障(zhang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)位，執法“寬松軟”問(wen)題(ti)依然存在，監(jian)(jian)管效能(neng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高(gao)。
當前，中(zhong)國特色社(she)會主義進入(ru)新時(shi)代(dai)，我國經濟已由高速增長(chang)階段轉(zhuan)向(xiang)高質量發展階段。為深(shen)入(ru)貫徹(che)(che)落實(shi)黨中(zhong)央(yang)、國務(wu)(wu)(wu)院決策(ce)部(bu)(bu)署，進一步提升建筑工程品質，住房(fang)和城鄉建設(she)部(bu)(bu)會同19個部(bu)(bu)門，在(zai)深(shen)入(ru)調查研究、充分溝通協調、認(ren)真總(zong)結經驗的基礎上，堅持(chi)問題導向(xiang)，堅持(chi)改革創新，堅持(chi)協同推進，研究起草了《意(yi)見(jian)》。近日，國務(wu)(wu)(wu)院辦公廳(ting)正式轉(zhuan)發了《意(yi)見(jian)》，要求地方及國務(wu)(wu)(wu)院有(you)關(guan)部(bu)(bu)門認(ren)真貫徹(che)(che)落實(shi)。
問：《意見》的出臺將產生哪些積極影響？
答：《意見》圍(wei)繞破除建(jian)筑工程質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管理體(ti)(ti)制機制障礙，對質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)保障體(ti)(ti)系進行系統謀劃，將有力提(ti)升我國建(jian)筑工程品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)總體(ti)(ti)水平，為城鄉建(jian)設高(gao)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)發展提(ti)供重要支撐(cheng)。
一是有(you)利于促(cu)進(jin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)轉型升級和高(gao)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)發(fa)展。建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)是我(wo)國(guo)國(guo)民經(jing)濟的(de)重要支柱(zhu)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)，也是推(tui)動(dong)高(gao)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)發(fa)展的(de)主戰場(chang)。2018年我(wo)國(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)總(zong)產(chan)值(zhi)達(da)到23.5萬億元，增(zeng)加值(zhi)達(da)到6.18萬億元，占(zhan)GDP的(de)6.87%。《意見》對標對表高(gao)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)發(fa)展要求，以供(gong)給側結構(gou)性改革(ge)(ge)為(wei)主線，著力(li)構(gou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)以質量(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)核心的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)管理體制(zhi)機制(zhi)，將有(you)效(xiao)引(yin)導資源(yuan)要素向(xiang)高(gao)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)供(gong)給端集聚，塑(su)造中國(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)造品牌，推(tui)動(dong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展質量(liang)(liang)(liang)變革(ge)(ge)、效(xiao)率變革(ge)(ge)、動(dong)力(li)變革(ge)(ge)。
二是有利于推(tui)動(dong)城鄉建(jian)設綠色發展。城鄉建(jian)設是全(quan)面(mian)推(tui)動(dong)綠色發展的(de)(de)主要載體(ti)。《意(yi)見》堅持以新發展理念(nian)為指引，大(da)力推(tui)進工程建(jian)設生產組織方式(shi)(shi)變革，推(tui)行綠色建(jian)造方式(shi)(shi)，發展裝配(pei)式(shi)(shi)建(jian)筑，推(tui)廣適用于綠色發展的(de)(de)新技(ji)術、新材料(liao)、新標準，建(jian)立(li)與之相適應的(de)(de)建(jian)設和監(jian)管機制(zhi)，將在提高效率、提升品質(zhi)的(de)(de)同時，最(zui)大(da)限度節約資(zi)源(yuan)、保護環境，實(shi)現城鄉建(jian)設綠色發展。
三是有(you)利(li)于滿足人民群眾(zhong)對高(gao)品質(zhi)建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)需求(qiu)。建(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)質(zhi)量事關老(lao)百(bai)姓(xing)最關心(xin)最直接最根本的(de)利(li)益(yi)，事關人們對美(mei)(mei)好生(sheng)活的(de)向往(wang)。隨著經濟社(she)會的(de)進步，老(lao)百(bai)姓(xing)對住(zhu)房的(de)需求(qiu)日益(yi)提高(gao)，不(bu)再(zai)滿足于有(you)房住(zhu)，更(geng)是要(yao)求(qiu)住(zhu)好房。《意(yi)見》堅(jian)持以(yi)人民為(wei)中心(xin)，把人民群眾(zhong)對高(gao)品質(zhi)建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)需求(qiu)作為(wei)根本出發點和落腳點，推動質(zhi)量信(xin)息公開，完善(shan)質(zhi)量投訴處理(li)機制，著力打造共建(jian)共治共享的(de)工程(cheng)質(zhi)量治理(li)格局，推動工程(cheng)品質(zhi)提升，讓人民生(sheng)活得(de)更(geng)方便、更(geng)舒心(xin)、更(geng)美(mei)(mei)好。
問：《意見》對完善建筑工程質量保障體系有什么總體考慮，主要采取了哪些措施？
答：《意見》指出，完善質量(liang)保(bao)障體(ti)(ti)系(xi)，提(ti)升建筑工(gong)(gong)程品質，要以習近平(ping)新(xin)時代中國特色(se)社(she)會(hui)主義思想為指導(dao)，全(quan)面貫徹(che)黨(dang)的十九大(da)和十九屆二中、三中全(quan)會(hui)以及中央城(cheng)鎮(zhen)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)會(hui)議、中央城(cheng)市工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)會(hui)議精神，按照黨(dang)中央、國務院部署，堅持以人民為中心，牢固樹立新(xin)發(fa)展理(li)念，以供給(gei)側結構性改革為主線，以建筑工(gong)(gong)程質量(liang)問題為切入(ru)點(dian)，逐(zhu)步完善質量(liang)保(bao)障體(ti)(ti)系(xi)，不斷提(ti)高工(gong)(gong)程質量(liang)抽查符合率和群眾滿(man)意度，進一步提(ti)升建筑工(gong)(gong)程品質總體(ti)(ti)水平(ping)。
《意見》從4個方(fang)面(mian)明確了完善質量保障體系(xi)提升建筑工程品質的主要(yao)舉措：
一是強(qiang)化(hua)各方責(ze)(ze)任(ren)。突(tu)出(chu)建(jian)設單位首要責(ze)(ze)任(ren)，強(qiang)化(hua)建(jian)設單位對工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設全過程(cheng)的(de)質量管理；落實施工(gong)單位主體(ti)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)，推行工(gong)程(cheng)質量安(an)全手(shou)冊制(zhi)度(du)；明確房屋使(shi)用安(an)全主體(ti)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)，強(qiang)化(hua)房屋所有權人和(he)產權人管理職(zhi)責(ze)(ze)；履行政府(fu)的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)質量監(jian)管責(ze)(ze)任(ren)，創新監(jian)管模(mo)式，健全監(jian)管體(ti)系。
二是完善管(guan)理(li)(li)體制(zhi)。改革工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)組織模式，推(tui)(tui)行工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總承包(bao)、全過程(cheng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)咨詢和建(jian)(jian)筑師負責制(zhi)；完善招(zhao)標投標制(zhi)度(du)，探索建(jian)(jian)立(li)更好滿足項目需求的制(zhi)度(du)機(ji)制(zhi)；推(tui)(tui)行工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)擔保(bao)與保(bao)險；加強(qiang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)計(ji)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)管(guan)理(li)(li)，完善建(jian)(jian)筑設(she)計(ji)方案審查論證(zheng)機(ji)制(zhi)，加強(qiang)住區(qu)設(she)計(ji)管(guan)理(li)(li)，嚴(yan)格控制(zhi)超高(gao)層建(jian)(jian)筑建(jian)(jian)設(she)；推(tui)(tui)行綠色建(jian)(jian)造(zao)方式，大力發展裝配式建(jian)(jian)筑；支(zhi)持既有建(jian)(jian)筑合理(li)(li)保(bao)留利用，建(jian)(jian)立(li)建(jian)(jian)筑拆除管(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)度(du)。
三(san)是健全(quan)(quan)支撐(cheng)體系。完善工程建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設標準體系，系統制(zhi)定全(quan)(quan)文強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)性工程建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設規范(fan)；加強(qiang)(qiang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)材(cai)質(zhi)量管理(li)(li)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立從生(sheng)產到使用(yong)全(quan)(quan)過(guo)程的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)材(cai)質(zhi)量追溯機制(zhi)；提升(sheng)科技(ji)創(chuang)新能力，推(tui)進(jin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)信(xin)息模型（BIM）、大(da)數據等技(ji)術的(de)集成應用(yong)；強(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)從業人員(yuan)管理(li)(li)，推(tui)行(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工人實名制(zhi)管理(li)(li)。
四是加(jia)強監督(du)管理。推進(jin)信用信息(xi)平臺建設(she)，將工(gong)程質(zhi)量違(wei)法違(wei)規等(deng)記錄(lu)作(zuo)為企業信用評價的重要內容；嚴格監管執法，強化工(gong)程質(zhi)量終身責任(ren)落實；加(jia)強社會監督(du)，完善建筑(zhu)工(gong)程質(zhi)量投訴和糾紛協(xie)調(diao)處理機(ji)制；強化督(du)促指導，建立(li)健全建筑(zhu)工(gong)程質(zhi)量管理、品質(zhi)提升(sheng)評價指標體(ti)系。
問：《意見》在改革創新方面有哪些亮點？
答：一(yi)是突出(chu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)首(shou)(shou)要(yao)責任(ren)(ren)，落實(shi)質(zhi)量主體(ti)責任(ren)(ren)。完(wan)善質(zhi)量保障體(ti)系提(ti)升建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑工程(cheng)(cheng)品(pin)質(zhi)，首(shou)(shou)先要(yao)明確工程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)各方主體(ti)應承擔的(de)(de)權利(li)和(he)義務，健(jian)(jian)全權責一(yi)致、科(ke)學(xue)合理的(de)(de)質(zhi)量責任(ren)(ren)體(ti)系。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)作為工程(cheng)(cheng)項目的(de)(de)投資者(zhe)、決(jue)策(ce)者(zhe)和(he)組織者(zhe)，其(qi)行(xing)為對(dui)工程(cheng)(cheng)品(pin)質(zhi)具有決(jue)定性影響(xiang)。2017年(nian)，《國務院辦公廳關于促進建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑業持續(xu)健(jian)(jian)康發展的(de)(de)意見》（國辦發〔2017〕19號）首(shou)(shou)次(ci)提(ti)出(chu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)首(shou)(shou)要(yao)責任(ren)(ren)這一(yi)概念，為落實(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)質(zhi)量責任(ren)(ren)提(ti)供了(le)政策(ce)依據。《意見》進一(yi)步細化了(le)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)質(zhi)量責任(ren)(ren)要(yao)求(qiu)，提(ti)出(chu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)應加強對(dui)工程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)全過程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量管理，嚴格履(lv)行(xing)法定程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)和(he)落實(shi)項目法人責任(ren)(ren)制(zhi)，保證(zheng)合理工期和(he)造(zao)價，不得違法違規(gui)發包工程(cheng)(cheng)。特別是通(tong)過建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立工程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量信息(xi)公示制(zhi)度，要(yao)求(qiu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主動(dong)公開工程(cheng)(cheng)竣(jun)工驗收(shou)等關鍵質(zhi)量信息(xi)，有效解(jie)決(jue)信息(xi)不對(dui)稱問題，督促建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)認真履(lv)行(xing)質(zhi)量承諾。
二是(shi)推(tui)行工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)與保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)，完(wan)(wan)善(shan)建筑市(shi)(shi)(shi)場機制(zhi)。完(wan)(wan)善(shan)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障體(ti)(ti)系(xi)提(ti)(ti)升建筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)品質(zhi)(zhi)，要(yao)(yao)充分發揮(hui)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場在(zai)資源配置中的決定(ding)性(xing)作用，著力解(jie)決建筑市(shi)(shi)(shi)場體(ti)(ti)系(xi)不(bu)完(wan)(wan)善(shan)、主體(ti)(ti)活力不(bu)足(zu)等(deng)問題。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)和保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)是(shi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場經濟條件(jian)下防范和化解(jie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)風(feng)險(xian)的基本手段(duan)，也(ye)是(shi)發揮(hui)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)約束作用的重要(yao)(yao)途徑。推(tui)行工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)和保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)，有助(zhu)于規范工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)承發包交易行為，為工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設各方履(lv)(lv)行質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)責任(ren)創造(zao)有利環境；有助(zhu)于有效處置工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)缺陷和質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)投訴，維護(hu)群眾(zhong)利益；有助(zhu)于運用保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)等(deng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場力量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)加強質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)風(feng)險(xian)管控，確保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。為此，《意見》提(ti)(ti)出推(tui)行銀行保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函制(zhi)度，在(zai)有條件(jian)的地區(qu)推(tui)行工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)公司保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函和工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)；招標(biao)(biao)人(ren)要(yao)(yao)求中標(biao)(biao)人(ren)提(ti)(ti)供履(lv)(lv)約擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的，招標(biao)(biao)人(ren)應當同時(shi)向中標(biao)(biao)人(ren)提(ti)(ti)供工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)款支(zhi)付擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)；對(dui)采用最低價中標(biao)(biao)的探索實行高保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)額履(lv)(lv)約擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)；組織開展工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)試(shi)點，加快(kuai)發展工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)。
三是嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)格(ge)(ge)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)執(zhi)法，完善(shan)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)制度(du)。完善(shan)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)保(bao)障(zhang)體(ti)系提(ti)升建(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)品質(zhi)，必(bi)須(xu)堅持(chi)厲(li)(li)行法治，強(qiang)化(hua)政(zheng)府對工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)全(quan)(quan)過程(cheng)的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)，嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)厲(li)(li)查處各(ge)類違(wei)法違(wei)規(gui)行為，建(jian)立健全(quan)(quan)嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)格(ge)(ge)、公正(zheng)、權威(wei)、高效(xiao)的(de)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)制度(du)。為落實政(zheng)府監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)責任，提(ti)升監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)效(xiao)率，《意(yi)見》提(ti)出鼓(gu)勵采取(qu)政(zheng)府購買服務的(de)方(fang)式，委托具備條件的(de)社會力(li)量(liang)(liang)進(jin)行工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)督檢(jian)查和(he)(he)抽測，全(quan)(quan)面(mian)推行“雙隨機、一公開”檢(jian)查方(fang)式和(he)(he)“互聯網+監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)”模式，加強(qiang)工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)督隊伍建(jian)設(she)(she)，監(jian)督經費(fei)由同(tong)級財政(zheng)預算(suan)全(quan)(quan)額(e)保(bao)障(zhang)，強(qiang)化(hua)設(she)(she)計安(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)。為提(ti)高監(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)執(zhi)法威(wei)懾力(li)和(he)(he)有效(xiao)性，《意(yi)見》提(ti)出強(qiang)化(hua)工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)終身責任落實，加大(da)資質(zhi)資格(ge)(ge)、從業限制等方(fang)面(mian)處罰力(li)度(du)，特別(bie)是堅持(chi)簡化(hua)企業資質(zhi)、強(qiang)化(hua)個人資格(ge)(ge)的(de)改革思路(lu)，嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)格(ge)(ge)落實個人執(zhi)業資格(ge)(ge)責任，加大(da)責任追究力(li)度(du)。
四是發揮標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)引領(ling)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，完(wan)(wan)善工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體系(xi)。完(wan)(wan)善質量保障(zhang)體系(xi)提升(sheng)(sheng)建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)品質，要充分發揮工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的支撐(cheng)和(he)引領(ling)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。經過近幾(ji)十年的發展，我(wo)國(guo)已建(jian)(jian)立起具有中(zhong)國(guo)特色的標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體系(xi)，組(zu)織(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)定了涵蓋30余個行業(ye)和(he)領(ling)域(yu)的7000余項工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，在(zai)保障(zhang)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量安全、推進建(jian)(jian)筑業(ye)持續(xu)發展、推動(dong)(dong)中(zhong)國(guo)建(jian)(jian)造走(zou)出(chu)去(qu)等(deng)方面發揮了重要支撐(cheng)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。但(dan)隨(sui)著(zhu)經濟社會發展，我(wo)國(guo)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)也(ye)出(chu)現與國(guo)際接軌不夠、標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)提升(sheng)(sheng)機制(zhi)(zhi)不足等(deng)問題(ti)。《意見》以(yi)問題(ti)為導向，著(zhu)眼(yan)于(yu)改革工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體系(xi)，創新標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)形式、內(nei)容和(he)屬(shu)性，突(tu)出(chu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)目標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、質量水平、性能控制(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)內(nei)容要求，提出(chu)系(xi)統制(zhi)(zhi)定全文強制(zhi)(zhi)性工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)規范，精簡整合(he)政府推薦性標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，培育發展團體和(he)企(qi)業(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，組(zu)織(zhi)開展重點領(ling)域(yu)國(guo)內(nei)外標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)比(bi)對，加(jia)強國(guo)際交(jiao)流合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)，推動(dong)(dong)一批中(zhong)國(guo)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)向國(guo)際標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)轉(zhuan)化和(he)推廣應用(yong)。
五(wu)是推行(xing)(xing)綠(lv)色(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造方式，強化(hua)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)組織實(shi)施。我(wo)國(guo)每(mei)年建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)消耗的水泥、玻璃、鋼(gang)材(cai)分(fen)別(bie)占全球(qiu)總消耗量的45%、42%和(he)35%，傳(chuan)統建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造方式資源消耗大(da)、污染排放(fang)高(gao)，越來越不(bu)可(ke)持續，亟需大(da)力(li)推行(xing)(xing)綠(lv)色(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造方式，強化(hua)適應綠(lv)色(se)(se)發展的工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)組織實(shi)施模式。對此，《意見(jian)》提(ti)出要完善綠(lv)色(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)材(cai)產品(pin)標(biao)(biao)準和(he)認證評價體(ti)系，進一步提(ti)高(gao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)產品(pin)節能標(biao)(biao)準，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立產品(pin)發布制(zhi)度(du)；推進綠(lv)色(se)(se)施工(gong)，降低施工(gong)過程(cheng)對環境的不(bu)利影響；按照綠(lv)色(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)標(biao)(biao)準要求(qiu)，完善綠(lv)色(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)評價標(biao)(biao)識制(zhi)度(du)；大(da)力(li)發展裝(zhuang)配式建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)，鼓勵(li)企業建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立裝(zhuang)配式建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)部(bu)品(pin)部(bu)件(jian)生產和(he)施工(gong)安裝(zhuang)全過程(cheng)質量控制(zhi)體(ti)系，裝(zhuang)配式建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)部(bu)品(pin)部(bu)件(jian)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)駐廠監造制(zhi)度(du)。
六是加強社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)監(jian)督，完善(shan)(shan)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)能力(li)。完善(shan)(shan)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)保(bao)障體系(xi)(xi)提(ti)(ti)(ti)升(sheng)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)品(pin)質(zhi)，要(yao)堅持共建(jian)共治(zhi)(zhi)共享的理(li)念和方法，充分調(diao)動(dong)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)各(ge)界和廣(guang)大(da)群眾的積極(ji)性、主動(dong)性、創造(zao)性，提(ti)(ti)(ti)升(sheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)能力(li)。對(dui)此(ci)，《意(yi)見》提(ti)(ti)(ti)出加強社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)監(jian)督，加強行業自律(lv)，完善(shan)(shan)行業約束與懲戒機制(zhi)(zhi)；建(jian)立(li)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)責任(ren)主體和責任(ren)人公示制(zhi)(zhi)度，推(tui)行建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)信息公開(kai)，探索建(jian)立(li)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)監(jian)督機制(zhi)(zhi)，完善(shan)(shan)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)投訴和糾紛(fen)協調(diao)處理(li)機制(zhi)(zhi)，支(zhi)持社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)公眾參與監(jian)督、合理(li)表(biao)達質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)訴求(qiu)。為促(cu)使質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)工(gong)作可量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)化(hua)、可監(jian)督、可考核，《意(yi)見》還提(ti)(ti)(ti)出建(jian)立(li)健全(quan)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管理(li)、品(pin)質(zhi)提(ti)(ti)(ti)升(sheng)評價指標體系(xi)(xi)，科學評價各(ge)地質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)工(gong)作開(kai)展情況，客(ke)觀(guan)衡量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)地方工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)發(fa)展水平。在實踐中(zhong)，可積極(ji)探索利(li)用社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)第三方力(li)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)進行評價。
問：如何做好《意見》的貫徹落實工作？
答：9月25日，習近平(ping)總書(shu)記在(zai)出(chu)席北京大(da)興(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)機場(chang)投運(yun)儀式(shi)時強調，大(da)興(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)機場(chang)能夠在(zai)不到5年的(de)(de)時間里(li)就完成預定的(de)(de)建(jian)設任務(wu)(wu)，順利投入運(yun)營(ying)，充分展現了中國(guo)(guo)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)雄(xiong)厚實(shi)力，充分體現了中國(guo)(guo)精神(shen)和中國(guo)(guo)力量。他希望廣大(da)建(jian)設者在(zai)新的(de)(de)征(zheng)程(cheng)上再接再厲、再立新功(gong)。建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)品(pin)質管(guan)理鏈條長、環節多，是一項(xiang)復雜的(de)(de)系(xi)統(tong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，做好這項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)作任務(wu)(wu)艱(jian)巨、責任重(zhong)大(da)、使命光榮，必須把思想和行動(dong)統(tong)一到以習近平(ping)同志為核心的(de)(de)黨中央的(de)(de)決(jue)策部(bu)署上，提高認識(shi)、真(zhen)抓實(shi)干、務(wu)(wu)求實(shi)效，全面貫徹落實(shi)《意(yi)見(jian)》。
一是加(jia)強(qiang)組織領導(dao)。各(ge)(ge)地區、各(ge)(ge)相關部門(men)要把建筑工程品(pin)質提升工作擺上重要議事日程，建立健全領導(dao)體制和工作機制，加(jia)強(qiang)統籌規劃，細化(hua)工作措(cuo)施(shi)，制定(ding)實施(shi)方案，完善保障措(cuo)施(shi)，確(que)保各(ge)(ge)項任務措(cuo)施(shi)真正落地。
二是強化示范引(yin)領。鼓勵(li)有條件的(de)地區(qu)積極開展改革(ge)創新試點，形成可復制、可推廣的(de)經驗，不斷完善建筑工程品質創新管理制度(du)。
三(san)是(shi)做好輿論宣(xuan)傳(chuan)。充(chong)分發揮媒體作(zuo)用，積極宣(xuan)傳(chuan)各地的好經驗、好做法，廣泛(fan)宣(xuan)傳(chuan)中國建造(zao)品(pin)牌(pai)，營造(zao)良(liang)好的社會氛圍。
四是加強能力(li)建(jian)設。加大(da)對(dui)基層(ceng)政策支持、業(ye)務指導、人(ren)員培訓力(li)度，切實(shi)提高基層(ceng)監(jian)管隊(dui)伍(wu)業(ye)務素質和(he)工作(zuo)能力(li)，不斷夯實(shi)質量(liang)工作(zuo)基礎。
